Development and Economic Sustenance in the Third World Context Essay

Improvement and Economic Sustenance in the Third World Context - Essay Example The Third World is viewed similar to a casualty to the class battle forced from the top. There were solid roots in reliance hypothesis which infers that created areas keep on misusing creating districts for supported development. WAD hypothesis embraces a fairly unthinking point of view toward the job of ladies being developed. It along these lines expresses that ladies are and have consistently been a piece of the procedure of advancement. The interest of ladies during the time spent improvement is supposed to be as both paid and unpaid work thought about a fundamental piece of advancement. (Ramji: 1997). There is likewise a summed up disparity in job dispersion in the WAD approach which expect that ladies will contribute more in their conventional jobs of home and hearth with supplemental jobs being included through the powers of modernization. There is an inferred inadequacy prevalence dyad by which the deciding job for advancement isn't concurred to ladies. A point by point inves tigation of different ways to deal with advancement will empower explanation of this idea. The â€Å"Women in Development† approach emerged from the liberal pattern in woman's rights. It perceives the significance of jobs and status of ladies during the time spent turn of events. In this way ladies are furnished with an exceptional job and status when advancement help is given. Dynamic association of ladies in the usage of help is additionally underlined by help giving nations as Japan. The upgrade of chances for interest of ladies is said to prompt the improvement of the status of ladies in the public arena all in all.

Positive Impacts of E-books Essay -- electronic books

There are a ton of wellsprings of data which give readings in many mass mediums, for example, books, reference books, papers, pamphlets and some more. In accordance with the propelled progress of innovation, readings additionally should be possible carefully on PC screen. Forward-thinking, electronic books or a lot less complex to be known as Ebooks are ideal looking for wide scope of data. Alluding to Viloria, (2008) â€Å"Ebooks are type of writings, pictures, video and even sound involved into an electronic record. For example, a record composed in Microsoft Word is one of the instances of an ebook† (p.1) They are surviving in various arrangements for instance PDF, PDA and EXE-incorporated HTML group. This sort of on-screen records progressively utilized due to their immense vantages contrasted with regular printed course books. This article which entitled â€Å"The Positive Impacts of Ebooks† explains a few effects, which implies solid impacts of electronic books to wards different issues. As a matter of first importance, electronic books bring a promising effects towards condition since they decrease the necessities of trees to print. As indicated by the site â€Å"Environmental Science and Technology,† (2008) â€Å" Reducing paper use accomplishes more than spare trees. Mash and paper plants are additionally a significant wellspring of contamination. The explanation that mash and paper factories are adding to contamination is on the grounds that they discharge hurtful gases to air, for example, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide and particulates, which cause an Earth-wide temperature boost, corrosive downpour, brown haze and what most exceedingly awful to human, is respiratory problems.†(p.4242-4245) Scientifically, paper faded with chlorine discharge dioxin, a cancer-causing substance. It is constantly a smart thought to spare the earth by recycl... ...insect, J. M. A. (2004). Are electronic books successful in instructing little youngsters perusing and appreciation? Global Journal of Instructional Media, 31(3), 303. Grimshaw, S. (2007). Electronic books: Children's perusing and appreciation. English Journal of Educational Technology, 38(4), 583-599. Harroff, W. (2010). digital books Advantages Over P-Books. Charlotte Johnson. Recovered November 15 2010 from http://faculty.mckendree.edu/william_harroff/ebe/ebook_advantages_over_pbooks.htm Nelson, M. R. (2008 March/April). digital books in advanced education: Nearing the End of the Era of Hype? Recover Nov 18, 2010 from ECAR Research Bulletin. www.educause.edu Stanford University Makes E-book Investment. (2007, July 6). In Book Business Magazine. Recovered Nov 17 2010 from http://www.bookbusinessmag.com/story/story.bsp?sid=68596&var=story.

Update #2 who is writing the new SAT

A month or so  ago, when I first became aware of the questions surrounding ETSs involvement (or lack thereof) in the new SAT, I wrote to several  people who had been vocal about criticizing Common Core and the slapdash manner in which it was thrown together by Coleman et. al. One of the people I contacted was Jim Milgram, whose response I cited in an earlier post; the other was his colleague Sandra Stotsky, the other member of the validation committee who refused to sign off on the Standards. Unfortunately, neither of them was able to offer any insight into the authorship of the SAT; however, Sandra did suggest that I write to Valerie Strauss at the  Washington Post and alert her to the College Boards deliberate and persistent evasiveness regarding that question. (The  Posts  Education section, unlike that of the   Los Angeles Times,  hasnt been bought out by one of the billionaires funding the reform movement†¦ at least not yet.) Valerie  promptly responded to let me  know that she found the issue fascinating and would do some investigation of her own.   So stay tuned. If enough people start asking questions, perhaps  the powers that be at the College Board will finally be forced into providing some answers no doubt heaping on scads of reformster  gibberish in an attempt  evade  the issue at every step. (Transparency? What transparency?). But at least that would be a step in the right direction.

The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman - 1144 Words

It seems as though our best writings are formed from personal experiences. Weather happy or sad, our emotions we feel, are the driving force of our actions that leads to our most intimate events from the heart. However, this can enlighten all, on a story that is filled with the upmost sincerity for its depiction of a mental debacle of one woman at the hands of her physician, her husband. The short story of The Yellow Wallpaper is a story of a woman who undergoes an illness and inevitably finds peace utterly in taking full part of her insanity. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the author, did not have a loving and caring life growing up. Her perseverance through thick and thin helped in her growing, through it all it has made her stronger and without a doubt the writer she has grown to be. Charlotte Perkins Gilman is well known for her short story The Yellow Wallpaper, but also for her deep work in the feminist movement. Through her experiences in life and her own characteristics, they are s een incarnated in the character Jane our hero of the story. Gilman’s view and ideas have always been a major part in relation to all of her work. This concept applies heavily in her story The Yellow Wallpaper. The short story without a doubt, is her life retold, following her dark past of an innocent woman who suffers through an illness. Gilman had a â€Å"bleak, nomadic childhood† and a ‘traumatic young adulthood† (Gribskov). Gilman was born July 3, 1860, a short time after her birth, her fatherShow MoreRelatedThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman885 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen a stigma around mental illness and feminism. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in the 1900’s. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has many hidden truths within the story. The story was an embellished version her own struggle with what was most likely post-partum depression. As the story progresses, one can see that she is not receiving proper treatment for her depression and thus it is getting worse. Gilman uses the wallpaper and what she sees in it to symbolize her desire to escapeRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman846 Words   |  4 PagesHumans are flawed individuals. Although flaws can be bad, people learn and grow from the mistakes made. Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, gives one a true look at using flaws to help one grow. Gilman gives her reader’s a glimpse into what her life would have consisted of for a period of time in her life. Women were of little importance other than to clean the house and to reproduce. This story intertwines the reality of what the lives of woman who were considered toRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1362 Words   |  6 Pagesas freaks. In the short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, both of these elements are present. Gilman did a wo nderful job portraying how women are not taken seriously and how lightly mental illnesses are taken. Gilman had, too, had firsthand experience with the physician in the story. Charlotte Perkins Gilman s believes that there really was no difference in means of way of thinking between men or women is strongly. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a short story about a woman whoRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1547 Words   |  7 PagesCharlotte Perkins Gilman s career as a leading feminists and social activist translated into her writing as did her personal life. Gilman s treatment for her severe depression and feelings of confinement in her marriage were paralleled by the narrator in her shorty story, The Yellow Wallpaper. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860 in Hartford, Connecticut. Her parents, Mary Fitch Perkins and Fredrick Beecher Perkins, divorced in 1869. Her dad, a distinguished librarian and magazine editorRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman2032 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is a poem about women facing unequal marriages, and women not being able to express themselves the way they want too. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860, and died in 1935. This poem was written in 1892. When writing this poem, women really had no rights, they were like men’s property. So writing â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† during this time era, was quite shocking and altered society at the time. (Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Feminization ofRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman904 Words   |  4 Pagescom/us/definiton/americaneglish/rest-cure?q=rest+cure). Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote The Yellow Wallpaper as a reflection of series of events that happened in her own life. Women who fought the urge to be the typical stereotype were seen as having mental instabilities and were considered disobedient. The societal need for women to conform to the standards in the 1800s were very high. They were to cook, clean and teach their daughters how to take care of the men. Gilman grew up without her father and she vowedRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman999 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a story of a woman s psychological breakdown, which is shown through an imaginative conversation with the wallpaper. The relationship between the female narrator and the wallpaper reveals the inner condition of the narrator and also symbolically shows how women are oppressed in society. The story, read through a feminist lens, reflects a woman s struggle against the patriarchal power structure. In the â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses the wallpaperRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesthat wallpaper as I did?† the woman behind the pattern was an image of herself. She has been the one â€Å"stooping and creeping.† The Yellow Wallpaper was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In the story, three characters are introduced, Jane (the narrator), John, and Jennie. The Yellow Wallpaper is an ironic story that takes us inside the mind and emotions of a woma n suffering a slow mental breakdown. The narrator begins to think that another woman is creeping around the room behind the wallpaper, attemptingRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman846 Words   |  4 PagesThe dignified journey of the admirable story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† created by Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s, gave the thought whether or not the outcome was influenced by female oppression and feminism. Female oppression and feminist encouraged a series of women to have the freedom to oppose for their equal rights. Signified events in the story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† resulted of inequality justice for women. Charlotte Perkins Gilman gave the reader different literary analysis to join the unjustifiableRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1704 Words   |  7 PagesEscaping The Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) whom is most acclaimed for her short story The Yellow Wallpaper (1891) was a women’s author that was relatively revolutionary. Gilman makes an appalling picture of captivity and confinement in the short story, outlining a semi-personal photo of a young lady experiencing the rest cure treatment by her spouse, whom in addition to being her husband was also her therapist. Gilman misused the rest cure in The Yellow Wallpaper to alarm other

Legalizing Steroids Is Dangerous - 604 Words

Legalizing steroids is dangerous because they are not controllable. Steroids are becoming popular, but no one is stopping to take a look at all the facts about the use of them. Remy an avid steroid user who regrets using steroids suggests, â€Å"There is no controlled way to use steroids† (Campbell 3). Everyone’s bodies react different to what steroids can do. Some more dangerous than others. Controlling steroid use is impossible because everyone uses different amounts and even a little can be dangerous. Harrison Pope a professor of psychiatry at Harvard’s McLean Hospital says, â€Å"The preliminary data on steroids suggest that long-term use damages the muscle of the heart, significantly increasing the risk of an attack† (Butterworth 2). A continued use of steroids would do damage not only on the heart but the whole body as well. Heart damage is very likely while using steroids. Views of the opposition suggest that they are not worried about the un-contro lling factors. Tim Cowlishaw a sports writer for the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette states, â€Å"I think if we made everything legal, we would learn eventually which drugs and creams, and heaven forbid, antler sprays actually have benefits and what their risks are† (Cowlishaw 1). If society made steroids legal, controlling amounts would not be imaginable. Anyone could get their hands on it, which could lead to over-use and endangerment of human health. Legalizing steroids represents cheating in all sports across the nation. â€Å"There will alwaysShow MoreRelatedShould Drugs Be Banned?942 Words   |  4 Pagesconsidered safe for humans to consume at any given period. This act has aided the farmers well, they can have more income due to steroid FDA has approved for the animals used for the production of meat. Steroids uses on animals’ are not primarily used for meat protection. They have some medical situations were steroids are given to animals especially domestic pets. Veterans use steroids to also aid in the growth of little animals, by the request of the owner, either to enhance growth and strength or to stableRead MoreEssay Steroid Legalization Rebuttal811 Words   |  4 PagesRebuttal Article â€Å"Why it’s time to legalize steroids in professional sports† written by Chris Smith of Forbes Magazine argues that to level the playing field of professional sports it would be beneficial to legalize the use of performance enhancing drugs. Mr. Smith’s ideals that professional sports would be a fairer, more entertaining version of itself if performance enhancing drugs were legal, is an incredibly irresponsible and impudent declaration. Mr. Smith states â€Å"The primary reason why performanceRead MoreSteroids and Our World758 Words   |  3 PagesAnabolic steroids are synthetic steroid hormones made to resemble testosterone. These drugs are not the only performance enhancing drugs (PED’s) out there. Some are not even steroids, such as: creatine, tamoxifen, propranolol, cox-2, albuterol, ephedrine, and erythpoietin. These performance enhancing drugs may be boosting the skill level in an athlete’s career, but it is doing no good to the health of the athlete himself. Multiple sports are having reports of athletes using PED’s including baseballRead MoreSteroids and Other Performance Enhancers Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesThe issue over steroids and other performance enhancer drugs has been a recent topic in the sports world. The debate over whether or not to punish those who have been caught using has been a major topic recently, as well as the legalization of these drugs. When arising the question of whether or not to legalize steroids, many positive and negative factors are brought to the table, and in effect could change various aspects of our normal day lives. Anabolic steroids are a class of naturalRead MoreSteroid Use in Sports1732 Words   |  7 PagesAround an astonishing ten to fifteen percent of professional athletes use illegal steroids which are also known as performance enhancing drugs. These substances which are banned in professional sports aren’t just any type of steroid or drug. They are called anabolic steroids or performance enhancing drugs, and they are synthetically produced substances of male testosterone hormones. The use of these illegal steroids has garnered a lot of publicity within the world of sports over the past few yearsRead MoreShould Athletes Gain An Unfair Advantage By Using Performance Enhancing Drugs?935 Words   |  4 PagesThe health risks that come along with using performance enhancing drugs are one reason why they should be illegal. Along with them being very dangerous, the health effects are also not very good on the body. â€Å"Diuretics are drugs that change your body s natural balance of fluids and salts (electrolytes) and can lead to dehydration† (mayo clinic). Some athletes use stimulants to arouse the central nervous system and increase heart rate and blood pressure. â€Å"Stimulants can: improve endurance, reduceRead MoreShould Drugs be Legalized?1007 Words   |  4 Pagestragedy. The two most harmful and dangerous substances are alcohol and tobacco. Yet, they are legal, only because they are popular. Marianne Apostolides of the pro-legalization Lindesmith Center wrote in the Wall Street Journal: Marijuana is safer than other substances such as nicotine and steroids. Most people who use marijuana have no problem with it. â€Å"The question about legalized drugs is the defining point for a Libertarian. If you are opposed to legalizing all drugs, then you are not a LibertarianRead MoreThe Safety of Using Anabolic Steroids Essay example1527 Words   |  7 Pagesof Using Anabolic Steroids Even if you didnt have any or little knowledge of steroids and were asked this question, you would probably answer no. Why? Would it be because a high school kid somewhere in California died from taking them? Or would it be because you read it in Readers Digest? Many people think you are selling your soul to the devil when you take steroids. There is an incredible amount of myths, misinformation, and misconceptions about anabolic steroid use and their dangersRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?870 Words   |  4 Pages Some of the cons of legalizing marijuana is it has an addictive nature, it can alter a user s perception, is popularly known as a gateway drug, does damage to the brain, and more. People across the country, doctors or not, argue that marijuana is very successful in treating a range of health conditions people commonly have including: Crohn’s disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis (M.S.) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). More doctors are on board with legalizing marijuana every yearRead More Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Essay2025 Words   |  9 Pagesperform, high priced contracts, increased competition, and advanced training methods today’s athletes will try to gain an edge by any means necessary. Performance enhancing drugs used by athletes today include Human Growth Hormone (HGH), anabolic steroids, peptide hormones, amphetamines, insulin and stimulants. The reason athletes use performance enhancing drugs is to increase the amount of testosterone produced in the body. The increased testosterone in the body increases muscle strength by enabling

Impact of Sustainability Disclosures on Market-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the the Impact of sustainability disclosures on Market Performance. Answer: Introduction The main function of an accountant has not altered over the years i.e. the main purpose or job of n accountant remains the same stipulation of information on the financial recital of a company and the said aim is attained by identification, recording, processing, storing, summarising and reporting various occurrences within an entity. The system which defines the extent, to which the accounting professionals job has extended from mere recording of the financial events to analysing the data, is in fact the framework of accounting which covers almost all the operational areas of the business (Mohamed Lashine, 2003). The complication of these companies and computerisation have done that in many trades must be acquaintance regarding information technology and one of these is the accounting profession. The knowledge that an accountant gains about IT during the course of accountancy is general in nature and thereby they are required to get in depth knowledge about the subject by taking fu rther training courses so as to add value to their general knowledge about the subject (Bassellier et.al. 2003). At present, accounting as a profession is closely related to the development of information technologies. The financial reporting formats have become so complicated that there has been seen a need for co-operation between the accounting professionals and the informatics (Ghasemi et.al. 2011). Research Aim And Research Question The main aim behind the said research is to give an overview to the fact that a professional accountant must have a theoretical knowledge about the subject, post which with the help of a field survey the said target will be noted as to how the accountants gain knowledge. Further to this, recommendation which would mention the steps, should be undertaken so as to increment their level of knowledge. The main problems being discussed in the said paper are as under: What knowledge should an accountant gain post his degree and what is the source of obtaining the said knowledge. How the said knowledge will help them in developing and polishing their skill as a professional accountant. Overview Of Literature Review In most of the literature reviews conducted, labours to reinforce the incorporation of knowledge in IT within the accounting profession is seen. Such as Salleh (2000) have mentioned and detailed the various uses of information technology in the field of accounting. Various professional accounting bodies and institutions such as the IFAC in United Kingdom, provide guidelines and regulations for the development of IT skills and knowledge for those who want to become accounting professionals (Ahmad, 2003). The positive impact of the latest information technology in the companies is very prominent and clear. Integrated systems such as the enterprise resource planning systems and the internet helps to keep at pace with the latest changes in the companies knowledge (Brady et.al.2001) . It is said that accounting field was one of the first to take into account information technology as a part of their subject. However earlier it was only limited to ledgers and reporting systems. Another issue lies in the integration with the resources available. Even though accounting and finance related modules highly favour the IT modules as well, even then the same is not made available to all the students because of very less resources with regards the personnel and the infrastructure. Various issues related to infrastructure have also been found out such as discrepancies, issues with regards accessibility of the software and technical guidance (Aisbitt Sangster. 2005). Apart from the above, there is yet another reason as to why there is a letdown of the integration of the IT in the accounting profession, i.e. the number of people enrolling for the said profession is too high and there is no support from the international bodies as well (Long and MacGregor, 1996, Baker and White Jr. 1999 and Allen, 2000). Today, the accountants are successfully being able to form added values for the financial units thereby bringing a remarkable change in the community. The age old accounting functions such as that of recording and processing of the transactions can be easily automated now. Thereby in the present day, the value of accountants is much more than mere book-keepers. They are looked upon as a professional possessing a very high level of critical thinking skills, for example, designing f the processes to be adopted by the business, developing e-commerce models and incorporating tactical knowledge. Speedy developments of IT signify latent prospects as well as high risk for the accounting professionals. By dealing with the probable risks, the professionals can utilise the latest IT to improvise upon their intra-organizational roles (Shields 2001). Pre 1970s era, the role of an accountant was limited to only recording of the transactions and proper maintenance of the books of the accounts. How ever the scenario underwent a drastic change post 1970, wherein there was seen an increased desire by the management with regards various other details about the financials. Thus management information systems (MISs) were developed which would help the accountants justify their roles (Melville et.al. 2004). Due to globalisation, integration was possible only with the help of information technology being made an integral part of the accounting profession. Due to the development of IT, doing business globally was possible. Studies have proved that IT helps to give wider propagation of data and facts, thereby saving upon the time to disseminate the required data. However the speed of assimilation arrangement is not at a desired pace (Yufa 2009). Information Technology For The Accounting Profession Given that economists engage into tasks that differ basis the functions they carry out within their associates, financial divisions should ensure to be up to the mark with technological revolutions and in harmony with internationally recognized standards so that they can work well with an organization which works globally. A professional accountants job is not only to record the various financial transactions, but also to assess the importance of the financial data for the business and its development. Thereby, gaining knowledge about IT is a must so that their career is bright and they can get various opportunities in their favour. They are expected to possess the basic knowledge about the computers, the accounting knowledge that they have- the same should be in conjunction with the computer knowledge as well, advanced computer skills in accounting and to be updated about the latest developments in the field of IT related to accountancy. Two of the most sought after reasons as to why IT has become very important for the accounting profession is that, first and foremost they are generally and most often demanded to examine the effectiveness and efficiency of the system which is already present and secondly, IT will have a major implication on their work in the future (Kaye Nicholson, 1992). Further to this, the importance of gaining IT knowledge also ensures that the accountant is competitive enough as it is rightly said that in order to compete in this increasing competitive environment, one has to compulsorily possess competitive advantage. The ITs effect on the accounting profession thereby allows the person t perform his job in a better manner in comparison to someone who is not updated with the IT knowledge. Hence due to the same, there is an increasing worry about the intensity of capability that the accountants have, the usage of the IT and whether at all they are ready to face the challenges of the present bu siness environment. The said paper details about the information technology within the core competencies for the accounting professionals specifically those who operate within smaller entities and schools (Belfo Trigo, 2013). The said study derives a very crucial contribution to the exercise by providing the hypothetical beginning for the growth of the information technology competencies associated to professional accountants in general and in particular as well(Maisurah et.al. 2012). With regards the same, it can be said that even in Albania, the accounting professionals with IT knowledge are being given priority and allotted better roles. Thus the first part basically deal with the dissemination of knowledge in the field of IT and second is correlating the same with the accounting profession (Pepe, 2011). Methodology To emphasize the state of affairs in reality, our discussions were used to examine the main information which will be the major foundation of giving advices at the conclusion of the paper. A self-effacing survey was organized which was also a very crucial equipment for the research which was linked to a number of written questions which were relative by nature. The said bank of questions was socialized within 150 participants out of which 100 were collected. The target audience selected for the said survey were economists and such other financial analysts with a distribution as, 35 situated in the city of Vlora, 15 in Pogradec and 50 in Tirana. These were basically employed in entities which fell into the category of small and medium enterprises. The said sample of 100 surveys focuses upon the accountants who are knowledgeable about these cities prevailing information technology. The questionnaire of this paper is formed by several varying segments, who are further segregated by the issues or debates that are to be further analysed. Questions are opened and closed which allows the participants to express their ideas explicably. The questions were circulated electronically and also manually i.e. by hand delivery as well which would help the participants to work upon the same with ease which some of them may find it difficult to answer via the electronic mode. Also while giving away the questionnaires, secondary source of domestic and foreign literature was used which helped to formulate a theoretical basis on the scope of the paper. The fact that the paper has some limitations cannot be denies, however it can easily formulate an outline at least about the IT and its effects on the accounting profession (Ramaj 2014). Analysis Of Data First and foremost, an overall view of the various participants are given describing characteristics such as the age group of the respondents and the knowledge they possess on IT along withwhat level of knowledge they have with regards the basic IT programs. Once they have obtained the said knowledge, then comes as to how long the computer programs are utilised by these participants, which are the most common programs used by most of them along with the reason behind such an increased usage of the specific computer programs and how they enter in the information they possess into the computer program they use. Further analysis will help to cater to these issues in a detailed manner. The participants are selected comprising of 66% of participants who are economist by profession and such acquaintances who have gained knowledge in the undergraduate level, 24% are the ones who are approved accounting professionals and the rest 10% are expert accountants who may be called experts by virtue of their experience coupled with the basic knowledge on accountancy. As per the graph below it is understood that the age groups of the participants have a great impact on the way the questions were answered relating to information technology. The majority i.e. 25-30 years of age group comprised of economists. The age group between 31-40 comprised of accountants who have gained the titled of an accountant over the years and ones above 40 are auditors. As per the survey it was understood as to how they define IT. Some called it a technology which was a must for the processing of information, whereas some said that it comprised of such technologies which was required for the creation , processing, transfer, storage and exchange in various forms. Some even said that IT means a technology which gives an edge towards processing of data in an electronic form which helps to provide exactness, swiftness as well as regular updates. The above mentioned view points with regard what is IT, it is clear that those who fall uder the age group of 25-30 and 31-40 have a very deep knowledge about IT and also the fact that their knowledge was gained much before they would attain 50. Further to this, it is very evident that people falling within these two age group categories have gained IT education from high school itself whereas those above 40 cannot say so. Even though accountants and economists who obtain the Approved Certified Accountant fall under the category of above 40 years of age and hence they are expected to possess much more knowledge in comparison to the other economists. Howsoever this is not the case simply because the study module that they study contains very little knowledge about IT systems. These modules are more concentrated towards providing deep knowledge about accounting as a subject and a profession. The present day business environment is such which demands the job of an accountant to become more digitised and the number of programs being implemented makes it clear that the expanse of knowledge about IT to the accountants should not be bounded by any limitations (Lim, 2013). So as to interrogate upon the linkage between the accounting as a profession and information technology, the participants are required to answer two particular questions with regards the level of knowledge and the importance of IT while performing the function of an accountant. 100% of the participants reacted in favour of the fact that IT is important for the accounting profession. Further to this, to segregate as to what percentage has an in-depth knowledge and what percentage has general, it was concluded that the former comprised of only 30% of the population selected and the rest 70% was a part of the latter. Hence those who possess only the general knowledge should ensure to gain further insight into the field of IT so as to benefit from the competitive advantage that gives acknowledgment to the IT labour market. The said issue was followed by checking out the way the IT knowledge was being gained as it would help to decide the areas where changes are required to be made in the level of education and the system which is presently in vogue. These changes will surely would like contributions from the accountants as well which would in turn lead to deepening of the knowledge base of the professional thereby leading them towards a successful career. Further to this, when the participants of the survey were interrogated as to how long the financial software were used by them, they found the said question as a crucial one since it has a direct connection between the duration of use and the capability to program the recording of transactions, concluding the reasoning behind the processing of data by the program. 32% of the population uses a program for over a year, 42% uses the program between 2-3 years and the rest uses the program for more than 3 years. When they were asked whether they are able to comprehend the reasoning behind such a processing of data from the software and how are the results generated, the answer was a yes by all. Next, so as to comprehend the link between a professional and the software he or she uses, they were asked a question that whether they are able to understand the architecture of the program they use and the final outcome was that 55% of them sent back the question and the remaining gave a dual answer which comprised of both a yes and a no. Discussion Thus, basis the research conducted and survey undertaken, it is clear that IT discipline is considered as a block of knowledge and unfortunately even now only a very insignificant part of the entire curriculum of the accountant who is pursuing the same as a profession. In the present era where information in the processed form and the ever increasing need for technology, the demand for the accountants and the outlook of them has undergone a major change (Rom Rohde 2007). The training of the gen-next accountants who can cater to the scenario which comprises of high level of technology is more difficult than ever before for the educational institutions. There does not lie any laid down rules and regulations with regards the accounting profession and the IT knowledge that is to be gained by them (Yongmei et.al. 2008). The analysed information collected from the survey conducted it was understood that a major part of the accounting professionals possess the basic knowledge and idea abou t IT and that most of them have gained at least the first level of IT knowledge if not the second. The professionals are well versed with the software and how to use it in their profession as well (Amiri, Amiri, 2014). However, their level of education on the subject of IT should not be restricted to only the high school or the college level Thereby the analysis makes it clear that the knowledge about information technology is ever increasing in demand for any profession especially for an accountant as is very clear from the demand. Globalisation is the future for all businesses and in order to ensure timely reporting of transactions, proper analysis of the company performance and how competitive it is, knowledge of IT and usage of the software for the benefit of the entity is a priority. Conclusion Thus on a concluding note it is understood that accounting profession and information technology are closely linked for ages now. Accounting was that part of a business which adopted the IT first and made an expansive use of the same. Although the kind of knowledge and insight the accountants need about the IT in vogue changes on a continuous basis, yet its importance cannot be negated. Todays accountants are desired to possess a very high level of knowledge on the field of information technology. To achieve the same, the accountants curriculum has also undergone a drastic change which have started to adopt a huge range of modules so that the accounting students are imparted with the required knowledge about IT and make them competent enough. Unfortunately, it is still not clear as to what level of knowledge would be best for the businesses and how and to what extent the same should be given to the professional. The competencies can be gained either at the time of undergoing educatio n or post educational stage when the person can call himself a professional with a degree in hand. Many companies have also started to invest in imparting training to their accountants so that they become well versed with the information technology and the software incorporated by the company. This would help them to derive various crucial business reports which would in turn help the businesses to take worthy and speedy decisions in this era of globalisation and competition. Thereby the impact of information technology on the accounting profession can be under-estimated as the advantages it has to offer, over shadows the disadvantages it has. Most of the companies irrespective of their size, look for such professionals who are well versed with the accounting norms and also have knowledge about the information technology. The software they may not be aware but the basic knowledge and the urge to learn the new language would help the accountant gain a professional edge over others. Thus the impact is so stark that all accounting professional who are not well versed with IT should u ndergo compulsory and proactive training programs in order to survive in this profession. References Ahmad,A. (2003). The level of IT/IS skills in accounting programmers in British universities. Management Research News. 26(12). 20. Aisbitt,A. Sangster,A. (2005). Using Internet based On-line assessment- a case study. Accounting Education-an International Journal . 14(4). 383-394 Amiri,S. Amiri,N. (2014). Information Technology (IT) and its role in Accounting Practice. International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences. 3(1). 28-32 Baker,C.R. White Jr. (1999). Internet Use in Accounting education : Survey result. Journal of Accounting Education . 17(2/3). 255-266 Bassellier,G., Bembasat,I. Reich,B.H. (2003). The Influence of Business Managers IT Competence on Championing IT. Information Research System. 14(4). 317-336 Belfo,F. Trigo,A. (2013). Accounting Information Systems: Tradition ad Future Directions. Procedia Technology. 9. 536-546 Brady,J.A.,, Monk,E.F. Wagner,B.J. (2001). Concepts in enterprise resource planning. Boston MA, USA : Course Technology a Division of Thomas learning. Ghasemi,M., Shafelepour,V., Aslani,M., Barvayeh,E. (2011). The Impact of Information Technology (IT) on Modern accounting systems. Procedia Social and Behavioural Sciences.28. 112-116 Kaye,G.R. Nicholson,H. (1992). An educational framework for information technology in accounting and management education. Computer Education. 19. 105-112 Lim,F.P.C. (2013). Impact of Information Technology on Accounting Systems. Asia-pacific Journal o Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities and Sociology. 3(2). 93-106 Maisurah,K., Bahador,K., Haider, A. (2012). Information technology skills and Competencies A Case for Professional Accountants. BIS Workshop LNBIP. 127. 81-87 Melville,N., Kraemer,K., Gurbaxani,V. (2004). Review : Information Technology and organizational performance : an integrative method of IT business value. MIS Quarterly. 28(2) Mohamed,E.K. Lashine, S.H. (2003). Accounting Knowledge and skills and the challenges of a global business environment. Managerial Finance. 29. 3-16 Pepe, A.A. (2011). The Evolution of Technology for the Accounting Profession. Retrieved from https://www.cpapracticeadvisor.com/article/10263076/the-evolution-of-technology-for-the-accounting-profession Ramaj,B. (2014). Impact of information technology in the accounting profession. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/E-ZONE/Desktop/Impactofinformationtechnologyintheaccountingprofession.pdf Rom,A. Rohde,C. (2007). Management Accounting and integrated information systems: A literature review. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems 8. 40-68 Salleh,A. (2000). The role of computer in the enhancement of accounting education. Unpublished Dissertation (PhD (Accounting)). University of East Anglia. Shields,M.G. (2001). E-business and ERP: Rapid Implementation and Project Planning. Bew York: John Wiley and Sons. Yongmei.L., Hongjian,L., Junhua,H. (2008). IT Capability as moderator between IT investment and firm performance. Tsinghua Science and Technology. 13(3) Yufa,W. (2009). The Affects of Information Technology on the Accounting Education. Retrieved from https://www.seiofbluemountain.com/upload/product/200909/2009jyhy02a2.pdf

Youth Unemployment in the UK

Unemployment is a macro-economic situation whereby people are ready to work at the current wage rate but because of the prevailing factors of production are not in a position to get placement.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Youth Unemployment in the UK specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More International Labour Organization defines unemployed people as those who are aged over 16 years and are willing to work and have actively sought employment during the previous four weeks and do not have any paid job. There are various types of unemployment namely: Cyclical unemployment, Frictional unemployment, Structural unemployment, Seasonal unemployment, Voluntary unemployment and under employment (Seymour 2005). Cyclical Unemployment is a type of unemployment, which occurs because of decline in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) especially during periods of contraction/recession or any period when the economy fails to operate at its potential. It is controllable thus receives a lot of attention from macro-economic policy analysts. Additionally, it is characterised by temporary suspension without pay due to reduced demand of goods or services they produce and has to last for a period of seven consecutive days (Seymour 2005). Frictional Unemployment is unemployment resulting from people leaving jobs that they do not like and are searching for new employment or people whom either entering or re-entering the labour force to search for a job. Time lapses between separation and discovery of new job. Structural Unemployment represents unemployment caused by permanent shifts in the pattern of demand for goods or services or changes in technology. This requires the employees to undergo training or move to other locations to find new jobs (Seymour 2005). Seasonal Unemployment is a type of unemployment, which is caused by seasonal conditions affecting specific factors. For example, the agricultural sector is dependent on rainwater. Hence, during periods of good rains there will be high economic activities creating jobs while during periods of dry season there will massive unemployment due to less economic activities. Voluntary Unemployment is unemployment by choice experienced in most of the developed countries. This happens because of the unemployment benefits given by the UK government thus encouraging most youths to look for highly paying jobs. Therefore, in the short-run most of them remain unemployed. Such decisions by most youth have led to increased level of youth unemployment in UK (UK National Statistics).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Underemployment; under normal circumstances people are supposed to work for 6-8 hours a day. Therefore, if an individual works for less than six hours then they are underemployed. This is because the talent or effort is not fully utilized. It can a lso occur when an individual is working in a sector where their skills are underutilized (Seymour 2005). Most of the youth in UK are either working fewer hours such as part time while others work in sectors where their skills are underutilized (BBC News). Unemployment rate measures the unemployment level. It is the proportion of economically energetic people who do not have jobs (i.e. number of people who are unemployed divided by number of those who are in paid jobs or employed, excluding those who are economically inactive from both numerator and denominators) (UK National Statistics). Statistics of Youth Unemployment in UK Economists and the government have carried out several researches over the years about the youth unemployment rate in the UK. According to Labour Force Survey (LFS), youth unemployment rate in the year 2004 rose from 12% to 15% in the year 2008 (BBC News). The number of unemployed youth between the age of sixteen and twenty five years has risen in the current r ecession by over 4% since 2008 and then by over 5% in the year 2010. This means that the unemployment rate for people aged 16-24 years is now triple the rate for older people. The rate of unemployment for individuals over 25 years have also followed similar trajectory since 2004. Therefore, the unemployment rate for people over 25 years in 2010 was still lower than that in the early 1990 (BBC News). The Office for National Statistics (ONS) says that the unemployed youth aged 16-24 has risen more than one million, which is the highest for 15 years. The total number of people unemployed is 2.62 million, which is the highest since 1994 according to ONS. The youth have borne the effect of economic slowdown. Thus, out of the 2.62 million, 1.02 million are youth aged between 16 and 24 according to survey carried between July and September last year (HRM Guide 2012). This has led to people claiming job seekers allowance to rise by 5300 to 1.6 million last month according to ONS. The ONS sa ys that this is the highest rate since they adopted the comparable method in 1992 despite the slight change in basis of calculation (HRM Guide 2012). The Institute for Public Policy Research statistics have shown that the unemployment rate of youth aged 18 is 18.5% for boys and 15.3% for girls (HRM Guide 2012). This is the highest rate they have ever witnessed in the UK. It is attributable to the current euro crisis. According to Lord Stevens, the official statistics of the unemployment rate of the youth hit the one million mark for the first time thus more than a fifth of people aged 16 to 24 years do not have jobs (HRM Guide 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Youth Unemployment in the UK specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Causes of Youth Unemployment in the UK Financial Crisis of 2007-2010 The financial crisis that began in the United States caused by the bubble burst in the real estate industry affected sev eral banks .It spread across Europe since most of the banks affected were multinationals with operations across Europe. This led to economic slowdown in the economy of UK. Thus, most of the firms scaled down there production capacity. Consequentially, employers are forced to lay off some workers or were not hiring any more employees (Ruhm 2000). The effect of such circumstances has led to the rise of rate of unemployment among the youth since they are continuously completing colleges and are unable to secure employment (HRM Guide 2012). The Cuts in the Public Sector The government has been reducing its spending over the years. The reduction in public sector spending leads to decreased demand of certain goods and services since the government is the biggest consumer in an economy. Therefore, due to the decrease in demand, the production sector has to reduce its production. Thus, some people become redundant leading to sacking. Some of the firms also stop hiring new staff or reduce th e number of people employed compared to when the factors of production were being fully utilized. Therefore, the cuts in public spending have led to increased unemployment rate of the youth over the recent years (HRM Guide 2012). Immigration from European Union Since the integration of the UK in the European Union, people are free to move from one member state to another. This encouraged many people to migrate from other member states to UK in such for employment or business purposes. This has led to reduction of summer jobs that were available to university students from UK since most of the jobs go to the immigrants from other member states. Hence, such factors have led to the rise of the number of youth who are unable to secure paid jobs (UK National Statistics). Lack of Required Qualifications Researchers have link the lack of jobs by youths to their poor performance there studies such as in GCSE English and Maths. Most of the students have also not been able to proceed with the ir studies to acquire the necessary professional qualifications required in the job market thus unable to secure employment. This is attributable to laziness from the part of the students to work hard in their academics. The support groups in conjunction with the relevant government sectors have been working hard to ensure the students work towards achieving the relevant qualifications required in the job market.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Influx of Goods from Euro Zone After the UK joined, the European Union this allowed non-restrictive trade between member states. Such an agreement has led to the rise of goods exported to UK therefore increasing competition. This has resulted in the decrease in the demand for UK goods thus the decrease in the productivity of UK firms. They have resulted in lying down of workers and reduction in number of people employed. Therefore, this is one of the major contributions in the rise of level of youth unemployment in the UK. Higher Taxation The taxation rate in UK is high such that the cost of production is high. This leads to decreased demand of products thus firms end up retrenching some of the redundant workers. Effects of Youth Unemployment in UK Increase in Crime The youth would need money for consumption for clothing, food or shelter and since they do not have paid job they feel frustrated and start blaming the society for their misfortunes, hence they end up resulting to crimin al activities to get money. Lord Stevens acknowledged this when he said that unemployed youth would fuel disorder in the streets since dissatisfied youth lack hope for the future. He said disorder like the one experienced last year is evidence of the disquiet of youth due to lack of employment (Poverty Site 2012). Increased Chances of Workers Experiencing Unemployment in Adulthood The continued rise in the rate of youth unemployment increases the probability of a worker experiencing unemployment in his adulthood. The result of this the rise of number of people unemployed thus leading to increase of people claiming job seekers allowance which an increase in government expenditure in terms of transfers which is not healthy for the economy (Poverty Site 2012). Loss of Productivity The youth are the most active people in the society therefore when they are not employed statistics show that this equates to 10 million pounds a day of lost productivity. This translates to a direct cost of unemployed youth of close to 5 Billion pounds annually. Such statistics are worrying since this is a lot of potential wasted. The high levels of unemployment lead to too many people being idle thus high loss of productivity in the overall economy (Poverty Site 2012). Increase in Dependency Levels The rise of levels of youth unemployment has led to high levels in dependant population since they need basic human needs but do not have any source of income. Therefore, the rise in unemployment has increased the number of people depending on the government allowances for job seekers thus increasing the government expenditure. Responses Replacement of Future Jobs Fund with Apprenticeship Scheme The labour Party government initiated the Future Jobs Fund policy. It aimed at creating jobs in the future for the youth. The Conservative –Liberal Democrat coalition government viewed this not to very effective method to address the menace of youth unemployment. It replaced it with the curre nt policy of apprenticeship scheme whereby the youths attached to organizations where they will be working under skilled workers thus they end up acquiring necessary skills. This policy will be more effective in solving the youth unemployment problem than the future jobs fund. Overhaul of Schools Career Guidance The Recruitment and Employment Confederation have proposed an overhaul of the school’s career guidance to encourage students to work hard to acquire the necessary skills for job employment. This encourages students to achieve the necessary professional qualifications necessary for employment. Such policy will lead to students being prepared to join the apprenticeship scheme thus improving the level of youth employment. Scrapping of National Minimum wage Dominic Raab called for the scrapping of National Minimum Wage for the 16-21 year olds people thus increasing the level of youth employment. The minimum national wage is a hurdle to organizations since they incur certa in expenditure thus they end up being limited on the number of employees employed. Therefore, the scrapping of the minimum wage will lead to firms employing more people thus reducing the level of unemployment (Poverty Site 2012). Entrepreneurship Encouraged The government and non-governmental organizations have been implementing programmes that instil entrepreneurship skills in people. Such programmes have led to an increase in the level of people who are self-employed. This has led to rise of people who are self-employed in the UK over the years. It has been a very effective method of addressing the problem of youth unemployment (The Guardian 2012). Reference List BBC News, Economy Tracker. Web. HRM Guide 2012, UK Unemployment: Labour Market Statistics. Web. Poverty Site 2012, Youth Adult Unemployment. Web. Ruhm, C. 2000, Are Recessions Good for Your Health. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(2): 617–650. Seymour E. H. 2005, The New Economics: Keynes’ Influence on Th eory and Public Policy. London: Kessinger Publishing. The Guardian, Unemployment and Employment Statistics. Web. UK National Statistics, Guide to Unemployment. Web. 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